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| (R) ISL6524A Data Sheet April 8, 2005 FN9064.1 VRM8.5 PWM and Triple Linear Power System Controller The ISL6524A provides the power control and protection for four output voltages in high-performance microprocessor and computer applications. The IC integrates one PWM controller and three linear controllers, as well as the monitoring and protection functions into a 28-pin SOIC package. The PWM controller regulates the microprocessor core voltage with a synchronous-rectified buck converter. One linear controller supplies the computer system's AGTL+ 1.2V bus power. The other two linear controllers regulate power for the 1.5V AGP bus and the 1.8V power for the chipset core voltage and/or cache memory circuits. The ISL6524A includes an Intel VRM8.5 compatible, TTL 5-input digital-to-analog converter (DAC) that adjusts the microprocessor core-targeted PWM output voltage from 1.050V to 1.825V in 25mV steps. The precision reference and voltage-mode control provide 1% static regulation. The linear regulators use external N-channel MOSFETs or bipolar NPN pass transistors to provide fixed output voltages of 1.2V 3% (VOUT2), 1.5V 3% (VOUT3) and 1.8V 3% (VOUT4). The ISL6524A monitors all the output voltages. A delayedrising VTT (VOUT2 output) Power Good signal is issued before the core PWM starts to ramp up. Another system Power Good signal is issued when the core is within 10% of the DAC setting and all other outputs are above their undervoltage levels. Additional built-in over-voltage protection for the core output uses the lower MOSFET to prevent output voltages above 115% of the DAC setting. The PWM controllers' over-current function monitors the output current by using the voltage drop across the upper MOSFET's rDS(ON) , eliminating the need for a current sensing resistor. Features * Provides 4 Regulated Voltages - Microprocessor Core, AGTL+ Bus, AGP Bus Power, and North/South Bridge Core * Drives N-Channel MOSFETs * Linear Regulator Drives Compatible with both MOSFET and Bipolar Series Pass Transistors * Simple Single-Loop Control Design - Voltage-Mode PWM Control * Fast PWM Converter Transient Response - High-Bandwidth Error Amplifier - Full 0% to 100% Duty Ratio * Excellent Output Voltage Regulation - Core PWM Output: 1% Over Temperature - All Other Outputs: 3% Over Temperature * VRM8.5 TTL-Compatible 5-Bit DAC Microprocessor Core Output Voltage Selection - Wide Range - 1.050V to 1.825V * Power-Good Output Voltage Monitors - Separate delayed VTT Power Good * Over-Voltage and Over-Current Fault Monitors - Switching Regulator Doesn't Require Extra Current Sensing Element, Uses MOSFET's rDS(ON) * Small Converter Size - Constant Frequency Operation - 200kHz Internal Oscillator * Pb-Free Available (RoHS Compliant) Applications * Motherboard Power Regulation for Computers Ordering Information PART NUMBER ISL6524ACB* ISL6524ACBZ* (Note) ISL6524ACBZA-T (Note) ISL6524EVAL1 TEMP. RANGE (C) 0 to 70 0 to 70 0 to 70 PACKAGE 28 Ld SOIC PKG. DWG. # M28.3 Pinout ISL6524A (SOIC) TOP VIEW DRIVE2 1 FIX 2 VID3 3 VID2 4 VID1 5 VID0 6 VID25 7 PGOOD 8 VTTPG 9 FAULT/RT 10 VSEN2 11 SS24 12 SS13 13 VSEN4 14 28 VCC 27 UGATE 26 PHASE 25 LGATE 24 PGND 23 OCSET 22 VSEN1 21 FB 20 COMP 19 VSEN3 18 DRIVE3 17 GND 16 VAUX 15 DRIVE4 28 Ld SOIC (Pb-free) M28.3 28 Ld SOIC (Pb-free) M28.3 Evaluation Board *Add "-T" suffix for tape and reel. NOTE: Intersil Pb-free products employ special Pb-free material sets; molding compounds/die attach materials and 100% matte tin plate termination finish, which are RoHS compliant and compatible with both SnPb and Pb-free soldering operations. Intersil Pb-free products are MSL classified at Pb-free peak reflow temperatures that meet or exceed the Pb-free requirements of IPC/JEDEC J STD-020. 1 CAUTION: These devices are sensitive to electrostatic discharge; follow proper IC Handling Procedures. 1-888-INTERSIL or 1-888-352-6832 | Intersil (and design) is a registered trademark of Intersil Americas Inc. Copyright Intersil Americas Inc. 2002, 2005. All Rights Reserved All other trademarks mentioned are the property of their respective owners. VSEN3 VAUX EA3 DRIVE3 + 1.5V or 1.26V VSEN1 OCSET VCC - + - x0.75 + x 1.10 - UV3 + 200A POWER-ON RESET (POR) VAUX x0.90 + 1.2V Q SET > CLK Q D CLR OSCILLATOR VTTPG + - 2 FN9064.1 April 8, 2005 DRIVE4 + x0.75 - + - UV4 - EA4 VSEN4 + 1.8V or 1.26V x 0.90 + PGOOD + x 1.15 FIX INHIBIT OV SOFTSTART & FAULT LOGIC FAULT VSEN2 + - VCC DRIVE1 UGATE OC + DRIVE2 - PHASE - EA2 + VCC - + EA1 - GATE CONTROL PWM COMP PWM SYNCH DRIVE VCC LGATE PGND GND UV2 28A 28A DACOUT TTL D/A CONVERTER (DAC) 4.5V 4.5V FAULT/RT SS13 SS24 FB COMP VID3 VID2 VID1 VID0 VID25 FIGURE 1. BLOCK DIAGRAM +5VIN Q3 VOUT2 Q1 PWM1 CONTROLLER Q2 VOUT1 LINEAR CONTROLLER +3.3VIN Q4 ISL6524A VOUT3 LINEAR CONTROLLER LINEAR CONTROLLER Q5 VOUT4 FIGURE 2. SIMPLIFIED POWER SYSTEM DIAGRAM +12VIN +5VIN LIN CIN VCC OCSET PGOOD POWERGOOD Q3 VOUT2 1.2V COUT2 DRIVE2 FAULT/RT FIX UGATE PHASE Q1 LOUT1 VOUT1 1.3V to 3.5V VSEN2 LGATE PGND VSEN1 Q2 COUT1 VTT POWERGOOD VTTPG ISL6524A +3.3VIN Q4 VOUT3 1.5V COUT3 DRIVE4 VSEN4 VAUX FB COMP DRIVE3 VSEN3 VID3 VID2 VID1 VID0 VID25 SS13 Q5 VOUT4 1.8V COUT4 CSS24 SS24 CSS13 GND FIGURE 3. TYPICAL APPLICATION 3 FN9064.1 April 8, 2005 Absolute Maximum Ratings Supply Voltage, VCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+15V PGOOD, RT/FAULT, DRIVE, PHASE, and GATE Voltage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GND - 0.3V to VCC + 0.3V Input, Output or I/O Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GND -0.3V to 7V ESD Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Class 1 Thermal Information Thermal Resistance (Typical, Note 1) JA (C/W) Recommended Operating Conditions Supply Voltage, VCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +12V 10% Ambient Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0C to 70C Junction Temperature Range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0C to 125CC SOIC Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Maximum Junction Temperature (Plastic Package) . . . . . . . . 150C Maximum Storage Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . . -65C to 150C Maximum Lead Temperature (Soldering 10s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300C (SOIC - Lead Tips Only) CAUTION: Stresses above those listed in "Absolute Maximum Ratings" may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress only rating and operation of the device at these or any other conditions above those indicated in the operational sections of this specification is not implied. NOTE: 1. JA is measured with the component mounted on a low effective thermal conductivity test board in free air. See Tech Brief TB379 for details. Electrical Specifications PARAMETER VCC SUPPLY CURRENT Nominal Supply Current POWER-ON RESET Rising VCC Threshold Falling VCC Threshold Rising VAUX Threshold VAUX Threshold Hysteresis Rising VOCSET Threshold OSCILLATOR Free Running Frequency Total Variation Ramp Amplitude DAC REFERENCE Recommended Operating Conditions, Unless Otherwise Noted. Refer to Figures 1, 2 and 3 SYMBOL TEST CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS ICC UGATE, LGATE, DRIVE2, DRIVE3, and DRIVE4 Open - 9 - mA 8.2 - 2.5 0.5 1.26 10.4 - V V V V V FOSC 6k < RT to GND < 200k; Note 2 VOSC 185 -15 - 200 1.9 215 +15 - kHz % VP-P V V % DAC(VID25-VID3) Input Low Voltage DAC(VID25-VID3) Input High Voltage DACOUT Voltage Accuracy LINEAR REGULATORS (VOUT2, VOUT3, AND VOUT4) Regulation Tolerance VSEN3 Regulation Voltage VSEN2 Regulation Voltage VSEN3 Regulation Voltage VSEN4 Regulation Voltage VSEN3,4 Under-Voltage Level VSEN3,4 Under-Voltage Hysteresis Output Drive Current SYNCHRONOUS PWM CONTROLLER ERROR AMPLIFIER DC Gain Gain-Bandwidth Product Slew Rate GBWP SR Note 2 Note 2 COMP = 10pF, Note 2 VREG3 VREG2 VREG3 VREG4 VSEN3,4UV FIX = open FIX = open VSEN3,4 Rising VSEN3,4 Falling VAUX-VDRIVE2,3,4 > 0.6V FIX = 0V 2.0 -1.0 - 0.8 +1.0 20 3 1.26 1.2 1.5 1.8 75 7 40 - % V V V V % % mA - 88 15 6 - dB MHz V/s 4 FN9064.1 April 8, 2005 Electrical Specifications PARAMETER Recommended Operating Conditions, Unless Otherwise Noted. Refer to Figures 1, 2 and 3 (Continued) SYMBOL TEST CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS PWM CONTROLLERS GATE DRIVERS UGATE Source UGATE Sink LGATE Source LGATE Sink PROTECTION VSEN1 Over-Voltage (VSEN1/DACOUT) FAULT Sourcing Current OCSET Current Source Soft-Start Current POWER GOOD VSEN1 Upper Threshold (VSEN1/DACOUT) VSEN1 Under-Voltage (VSEN1/DACOUT) VSEN1 Hysteresis (VSEN1/DACOUT) PGOOD Voltage Low VSEN2 Under-Voltage VSEN2 Hysteresis VTTPG Voltage Low NOTE: 2. Guaranteed by design. VVTTPG VPGOOD VSEN1 Rising VSEN1 Rising VSEN1 Falling IPGOOD = -4mA VSEN2 Rising VSEN2 Falling IVTTPG = -4mA 108 92 2 1.08 48 110 94 0.8 0.8 % % % V V mV V IOVP IOCSET ISS13,24 VSEN1 Rising VFAULT/RT = 2.0V VOCSET = 4.5VDC VSS13,24 = 2.0VDC 170 120 8.5 200 28 230 % mA A A IUGATE RUGATE ILGATE RLGATE VCC = 12V, VUGATE = 6V VGATE-PHASE = 1V VCC = 12V, VLGATE = 1V VLGATE = 1V 1 1.7 1 1.4 3.5 3.0 A A Typical Performance Curves 100 CUGATE = CLGATE = C VIN = 5V 1000 RESISTANCE (k) 80 RT PULLUP TO +12V ICC (mA) 60 C = 3600pF C = 1500pF VCC = 12V C = 4800pF 100 40 10 RT PULLDOWN TO VSS 20 C = 660pF 1000 0 100 10 100 SWITCHING FREQUENCY (kHz) 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 SWITCHING FREQUENCY (kHz) 900 1000 FIGURE 4. RT RESISTANCE vs FREQUENCY FIGURE 5. BIAS SUPPLY CURRENT vs FREQUENCY 5 FN9064.1 April 8, 2005 Functional Pin Descriptions VCC (Pin 28) Provide a 12V bias supply for the IC to this pin. This pin also provides the gate bias charge for all the MOSFETs controlled by the IC. The voltage at this pin is monitored for Power-On Reset (POR) purposes. OCSET (Pin 23) Connect a resistor (ROCSET) from this pin to the drain of the upper MOSFET. ROCSET, an internal 200A current source (IOCSET), and the upper MOSFET's on-resistance (rDS(ON)) set the converter over-current (OC) trip point according to the following equation: I OCSET x R OCSET I PEAK = --------------------------------------------------r DS ( ON ) GND (Pin 17) Signal ground for the IC. All voltage levels are measured with respect to this pin. An over-current trip cycles the soft-start function. The voltage at OCSET pin is monitored for power-on reset (POR) purposes. PGND (Pin 24) This is the power ground connection. Tie the synchronous PWM converter's lower MOSFET source to this pin. VAUX (Pin 16) Connect this pin to the ATX 3.3V output. The voltage present at this pin is monitored for sequencing purposes. This pin provides the necessary base bias for the NPN pass transistors, as well as the current sunk through the 5k VID pull-up resistors. PHASE (Pin 26) Connect the PHASE pin to the PWM converter's upper MOSFET source. This pin represents the gate drive return current path and is used to monitor the voltage drop across the upper MOSFET for over-current protection. UGATE (Pin 27) Connect UGATE pin to the PWM converter's upper MOSFET gate. This pin provides the gate drive for the upper MOSFET. SS13 (Pin 13) Connect a capacitor from this pin to ground. This capacitor, along with an internal 28A current source, sets the soft-start interval of the synchronous switching converter (VOUT1) and the AGP regulator (VOUT3). A VTTPG high signal is also delayed by the time interval required by the charging of this capacitor from 0V to 1.25V (see Soft-Start details). LGATE (Pin 25) Connect LGATE to the synchronous PWM converter's lower MOSFET gate. This pin provides the gate drive for the lower MOSFET. SS24 (Pin 12) Connect a capacitor from this pin to ground. This capacitor, along with an internal 28A current source, sets the soft-start interval of the VOUT2 regulator. Pulling this pin below 0.8V induces a chip reset (POR) and shutdown. COMP and FB (Pins 20, 21) COMP and FB are the available external pins of the synchronous PWM regulator error amplifier. The FB pin is the inverting input of the error amplifier. Similarly, the COMP pin is the error amplifier output. These pins are used to compensate the voltage-mode control feedback loop of the synchronous PWM converter. VTTPG (Pin 9) VTTPG is an open collector output used to indicate the status of the VOUT2 regulator output voltage. This pin is pulled low when the VOUT2 output is below the undervoltage threshold or when the SS13 pin is below 1.25V. VSEN1 (Pin 22) This pin is connected to the synchronous PWM converters' output voltage. The PGOOD and OVP comparator circuits use this signal to report output voltage status and for overvoltage protection. PGOOD (Pin 8) PGOOD is an open collector output used to indicate the status of the output voltages. This pin is pulled low when the synchronous regulator output is not within 10% of the DACOUT reference voltage or when any of the other outputs is below its under-voltage threshold. DRIVE2 (Pin 1) Connect this pin to the gate/base of a N-type external pass transistor (MOSFET or bipolar). This pin provides the drive for the 1.2V regulator's pass transistor. VID3, VID2, VID1, VID0, VID25 (Pins 3-7) VID3-25 are the TTL-compatible input pins to the 5-bit DAC. The logic states of these five pins program the internal voltage reference (DACOUT). The level of DACOUT sets the microprocessor core converter output voltage (VOUT1), as well as the corresponding PGOOD and OVP thresholds. Each VID pin is connected to the VAUX pin through a 5k pull-up resistor. 6 VSEN2 (Pin 11) Connect this pin to the output of the standard buck PWM regulator. The voltage at this pin is regulated to a 1.2V level. This pin is also monitored for under-voltage events. FIX (Pin 2) Grounding this pin bypasses the internal resistor dividers that set the output voltage of the 1.5V and 1.8V linear regulators. FN9064.1 April 8, 2005 This way, the output voltage of the two regulators can be adjusted from 1.26V up to the input voltage (+3.3V or +5V; VOUT4 can only be set from 1.7V up) by way of an external resistor divider connected at the corresponding VSEN pin. The new output voltage set by the external resistor divider can be determined using the following formula: R OUT V OUT = 1.265V x 1 + ---------------- R GND where ROUT is the resistor connected from VSEN to the output of the regulator, and RGND is the resistor connected from VSEN to ground. Left open, the FIX pin is pulled high, enabling fixed output voltage operation. regulate the microprocessor core voltage (VOUT1). The PWM controller drives 2 MOSFETs (Q1 and Q2) in a synchronousrectified buck converter configuration and regulates the core voltage to a level programmed by the 5-bit digital-to-analog converter (DAC). The first linear controller (EA2) is designed to provide the AGTL+ bus voltage (VOUT2) by driving a MOSFET (Q3) pass element to regulate the output voltage to a level of 1.2V. The remaining two linear controllers (EA3 and EA4) supply the 1.5V advanced graphics port (AGP) bus power (VOUT3) and the 1.8V chipset core power (VOUT4). Initialization The ISL6524A automatically initializes in ATX-based systems upon receipt of input power. The Power-On Reset (POR) function continually monitors the input supply voltages. The POR monitors the bias voltage (+12VIN) at the VCC pin, the 5V input voltage (+5VIN) at the OCSET pin, and the 3.3V input voltage (+3.3VIN) at the VAUX pin. The normal level on OCSET is equal to +5VIN less a fixed voltage drop (see overcurrent protection). The POR function initiates soft-start operation after all supply voltages exceed their POR thresholds. DRIVE3 (Pin 18) Connect this pin to the gate/base of a N-type external pass transistor (MOSFET or bipolar). This pin provides the drive for the 1.5V regulator's pass transistor. VSEN3 (Pin 19) Connect this pin to the output of the 1.5V linear regulator. This pin is monitored for undervoltage events. DRIVE4 (Pin 15) Connect this pin to the base of an external bipolar transistor. This pin provides the drive for the 1.8V regulator's pass transistor. Soft-Start The 1.8V supply designed to power the chipset (OUT4), cannot lag the ATX 3.3V by more than 2V, at any time. To meet this special requirement, the linear block controlling this output operates independently of the chip's power-on reset. Thus, DRIVE4 is driven to raise the OUT4 voltage before the input supplies reach their POR levels. As seen in Figure 6, at time T0 the power is turned on and the input supplies ramp up. Immediately following, OUT4 is also ramped up, lagging the ATX 3.3V by about 1.8V. At time T1, the POR function initiates the SS24 soft-start sequence. Initially, the voltage on the SS24 pin rapidly increases to approximately 1V (this minimizes the soft-start interval). Then, an internal 28A current source charges an external capacitor (CSS24) on the SS24 pin to about 4.5V. As the SS24 voltage increases, the EA2 error amplifier drives Q3 to provide a smooth transition to the final set voltage. The OUT4 reference (clamped to SS24) increasing past the intermediary level, established based on the ATX 3.3V presence at the VAUX pin, brings the output in regulation soon after T2. As OUT2 increases past the 90% power-good level, the second soft-start (SS13) is released. Between T2 and T3, the SS13 pin voltage ramps from 0V to the valley of the oscillator's triangle wave (at 1.25V). Contingent upon OUT2 remaining above 1.08V, the first PWM pulse on PHASE1 triggers the VTTPG pin to go high. The oscillator's triangular wave form is compared to the clamped error amplifier output voltage. As the SS13 pin voltage increases, the pulse-width on the PHASE1 pin increases, bringing the OUT1 output within regulation limits. Similarly, the SS13 voltage clamps the reference voltage for OUT3, enabling a controlled output voltage ramp-up. At time T4, all output voltages are within power-good limits, situation reported by the PGOOD pin going high. FN9064.1 April 8, 2005 VSEN4 (Pin 14) Connect this pin to the output of the linear 1.8V regulator. This pin is monitored for undervoltage events. FAULT/RT (Pin 10) This pin provides oscillator switching frequency adjustment. By placing a resistor (RT) from this pin to GND, the nominal 200kHz switching frequency is increased according to the following equation: 5 x 10 Fs 200kHz + -------------------R T ( k ) 6 (RT to GND) Conversely, connecting a resistor from this pin to VCC reduces the switching frequency according to the following equation: 4 x 10 Fs 200kHz - -------------------R T ( k ) 7 (RT to 12V) Nominally, the voltage at this pin is 1.26V. In the event of an over-voltage or over-current condition, this pin is internally pulled to VCC. Description Operation The ISL6524A monitors and precisely controls 4 output voltage levels (Refer to Figures 1, 2, 3). It is designed for microprocessor computer applications with 3.3V, 5V, and 12V bias input from an ATX power supply. The IC has one PWM and three linear controllers. The PWM controller is designed to 7 ATX 12V 10V VTTPG SS13 ATX 5V SS24 0V 3.0V ATX 3.3V VOUT1 (1.65V) VOUT4 (1.8V) PGOOD signals). An under-voltage on either linear output (VSEN2, VSEN3, or VSEN4) is ignored until the respective UP signal goes high. This allows VOUT3 and VOUT4 to increase without fault at start-up. Following an over-current event (OC1, UV2, or UV3 event), bringing the SS24 pin below 0.8V resets the over-current latch and generates a soft-started ramp-up of the outputs 1, 2, and 3. UV3 SS13UP OC LATCH OC1 SQ > R 4V SS13 0.8V VOUT2 (1.2V) SS24 SS24UP 4V POR R COUNTER R UV2 SQ OC LATCH > OV UV4 COUNTER R FAULT LATCH SQ RQ FAULT INHIBIT1,2,3 SSDOWN VOUT3 (1.5V) 0V T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 TIME FIGURE 6. SOFT-START INTERVAL The T2 to T3 time interval is dependent upon the value of CSS13. The same capacitor is also responsible for the rampup time of the OUT1 and OUT3 voltages. If selecting a different capacitor then recommended in the circuit application literature, consider the effects the different value will have on the ramp-up time and inrush currents of the OUT1 and OUT3 outputs. FIGURE 7. FAULT LOGIC - SIMPLIFIED SCHEMATIC OUT1 Over-Voltage Protection During operation, a short across the PWM upper MOSFET (Q1) causes VOUT1 to increase. When the output exceeds the over-voltage threshold of 120% of DACOUT, the overvoltage comparator trips to set the fault latch and turns the lower MOSFET (Q2) on as needed to regulate the output voltage to the 120% threshold. This operation typically results in the blow of the input fuse, subsequent discharge of VOUT1. A separate over-voltage circuit provides protection during the initial application of power. For voltages on the VCC pin below the power-on reset (and above ~4V), the output level is monitored for voltages above 1.3V. Should VSEN1 exceed this level, the lower MOSFET, Q2, is driven on. Fault Protection All four outputs are monitored and protected against extreme overload. The chip's response to an output overload is selective, depending on the faulting output. An over-voltage on VOUT1 output (VSEN1) disables outputs 1, 2, and 3, and latches the IC off. An under-voltage on VOUT4 output latches the IC off. A single over-current event on output 1, or an under-voltage event on output 2 or 3, increments the respective fault counters and triggers a shutdown of outputs 1, 2, and 3, followed by a soft-start restart. After three consecutive fault events on either counter, the chip is latched off. Removal of bias power resets both the fault latch and the counters. Both counters are also reset by a successful start-up of all the outputs. Figure 7 shows a simplified schematic of the fault logic. The over-current latches are set dependent upon the states of the over-current (OC1), output 2 and 3 under-voltage (UV2, UV3) and the soft-start signals (SS13, SS24). Window comparators monitor the SS pins and indicate when the respective CSS pins are fully charged to above 4.0V (UP 8 Over-Current Protection All outputs are protected against excessive over-currents. The PWM controller uses the upper MOSFET's onresistance, rDS(ON) to monitor the current for protection against a shorted output. All linear regulators monitor their respective VSEN pins for under-voltage to protect against excessive currents. Figure 8 illustrates the over-current protection with an overload on OUT1. The overload is applied at T0 and the FN9064.1 April 8, 2005 current increases through the inductor (LOUT1). At time T1, the OC1 comparator trips when the voltage across Q1 (iD * rDS(ON)) exceeds the level programmed by ROCSET. This inhibits outputs 1, 2, and 3, discharges the soft-start capacitor CSS24 with 28A current sink, and increments the counter. Soft-start capacitor CSS13 is quickly discharged. CSS13 starts ramping up at T2 and initiates a new soft-start cycle. With OUT2 still overloaded, the inductor current increases to trip the over-current comparator. Again, this inhibits the outputs, but the CSS24 soft-start voltage continues increasing to above 4.0V before discharging. Soft-start capacitor CSS13 is, again, quickly discharged. The counter increments to 2. The softstart cycle repeats at T3 and trips the over-current comparator. The SS24 pin voltage increases to above 4.0V at T4 and the counter increments to 3. This sets the fault latch to disable the converter. across ROCSET helps VOCSET track the variations of VIN due to MOSFET switching. The over-current function will trip at a peak inductor current (IPEAK) determined by: I OCSET x R OCSET I PEAK = --------------------------------------------------r DS ( ON ) The OC trip point varies with MOSFET's rDS(ON) temperature variations. To avoid over-current tripping in the normal operating load range, determine the ROCSET resistor value from the equation above with: 1. The maximum rDS(ON) at the highest junction temperature 2. The minimum IOCSET from the specification table 3. Determine IPEAK for IPEAK > IOUT(MAX) + (I) / 2, where I is the output inductor ripple current. For an equation for the ripple current see the section under component guidelines titled `Output Inductor Selection'. FAULT/RT 10V 0V COUNT =1 4V FAULT REPORTED COUNT =2 COUNT =3 i D x r DS ( ON ) > I OCSET x R OCSET OCSET IOCSET 200A DRIVE OVER-CURRENT TRIP: V DS > V SET VIN = +5V ROCSET VSET + iD SS24 SS13 2V 0V VCC UGATE INDUCTOR CURRENT OVERLOAD APPLIED OC PWM 0A T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 + VDS + - PHASE GATE CONTROL V PHASE = V IN - V DS V OCSET = V IN - V SET TIME FIGURE 9. OVER-CURRENT DETECTION FIGURE 8. OVER-CURRENT OPERATION The three linear controllers monitor their respective VSEN pins for under-voltage. Should excessive currents cause VSEN3 or VSEN4 to fall below the linear under-voltage threshold, the respective UV signals set the OC latch or the FAULT latch, providing respective CSS capacitors are fully charged. Blanking the UV signals during the CSS charge interval allows the linear outputs to build above the undervoltage threshold during normal operation. Cycling the bias input power off then on resets the counter and the fault latch. An external resistor (ROCSET) programs the over-current trip level for the PWM converter. As shown in Figure 9, the internal 200A current sink (IOCSET) develops a voltage across ROCSET (VSET) that is referenced to VIN . The DRIVE signal enables the over-current comparator (OC). When the voltage across the upper MOSFET (VDS(ON)) exceeds VSET, the overcurrent comparator trips to set the over-current latch. Both VSET and VDS are referenced to VIN and a small capacitor OUT1 Voltage Program The output voltage of the PWM converter is programmed to discrete levels between 1.050V and 1.825V. This output (OUT1) is designed to supply the core voltage of Intel's advanced microprocessors. The voltage identification (VID) pins program an internal voltage reference (DACOUT) with a TTL-compatible 5-bit digital-to-analog converter (DAC). The level of DACOUT also sets the PGOOD and OVP thresholds. Table 1 specifies the DACOUT voltage for the different combinations of connections on the VID pins. The VID pins can be left open for a logic 1 input, since they are internally pulled to the VAUX pin through 5k resistors. Changing the VID inputs during operation is not recommended and could toggle the PGOOD signal and exercise the over-voltage protection. The output voltage program is Intel VRM8.5 compatible. 9 FN9064.1 April 8, 2005 TABLE 1. OUT1 OUTPUT VOLTAGE PROGRAM PIN NAME VID3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 VID2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 VID1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 VID0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 VID25 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 NOMINAL DACOUT VOLTAGE 1.050 1.050 1.075 1.100 1.125 1.150 1.175 1.200 1.225 1.250 1.275 1.300 1.325 1.350 1.375 1.400 1.425 1.450 1.475 1.500 1.525 1.550 1.575 1.600 1.625 1.650 1.675 1.700 1.725 1.750 1.775 1.800 1.825 up to their set values in a quick and controlled fashion, while meeting the system timing requirements. Shutdown The PWM output does not switch until the soft-start voltage (VSS13) exceeds the oscillator's valley voltage. Additionally, the reference on each linear's amplifier is clamped to the soft-start voltage. Holding the SS24 pin low (with an open drain or open collector signal) turns off regulators 1, 2 and 3. Regulator 4 (MCH) will simply drop its output to the intermediate soft-start level. This output is not allowed to violate the 2V maximum potential gap to the ATX 3.3V output. Layout Considerations MOSFETs switch very fast and efficiently. The speed with which the current transitions from one device to another causes voltage spikes across the interconnecting impedances and parasitic circuit elements. The voltage spikes can degrade efficiency, radiate noise into the circuit, and lead to device over-voltage stress. Careful component layout and printed circuit design minimizes the voltage spikes in the converter. Consider, as an example, the turn-off transition of the upper MOSFET. Prior to turn-off, the upper MOSFET was carrying the full load current. During the turnoff, current stops flowing in the upper MOSFET and is picked up by the lower MOSFET or Schottky diode. Any inductance in the switched current path generates a large voltage spike during the switching interval. Careful component selection, tight layout of the critical components, and short, wide circuit traces minimize the magnitude of voltage spikes. There are two sets of critical components in a DC-DC converter using an ISL6524A controller. The switching power components are the most critical because they switch large amounts of energy, and as such, they tend to generate equally large amounts of noise. The critical small signal components are those connected to sensitive nodes or those supplying critical bypass current. The power components and the controller IC should be placed first. Locate the input capacitors, especially the highfrequency ceramic de-coupling capacitors, close to the power switches. Locate the output inductor and output capacitors between the MOSFETs and the load. Locate the PWM controller close to the MOSFETs. The critical small signal components include the bypass capacitor for VCC and the soft-start capacitor, CSS. Locate these components close to their connecting pins on the control IC. Minimize any leakage current paths from any SS node, since the internal current source is only 28A. A multi-layer printed circuit board is recommended. Figure 10 shows the connections of the critical components in the converter. Note that the capacitors CIN and COUT each could represent numerous physical capacitors. Dedicate one solid layer for a ground plane and make all critical NOTE: 0 = connected to GND, 1 = open or connected to 3.3V through pull-up resistors Application Guidelines Soft-Start Interval Initially, the soft-start function clamps the error amplifier's output of the PWM converter. This generates PHASE pulses of increasing width that charge the output capacitor(s). The resulting output voltages start-up as shown in Figure 6. The soft-start function controls the output voltage rate of rise to limit the current surge at start-up. The soft-start interval and the surge current are programmed by the soft-start capacitor, CSS. Programming a faster soft-start interval increases the peak surge current. Using the recommended 0.1F soft start capacitors ensure all output voltages ramp 10 FN9064.1 April 8, 2005 component ground connections with vias to this layer. Dedicate another solid layer as a power plane and break this plane into smaller islands of common voltage levels. The power plane should support the input power and output power nodes. Use copper filled polygons on the top and bottom circuit layers for the PHASE node, but do not unnecessarily oversize this particular island. Since the PHASE node is subject to very high dV/dt voltages, the stray capacitor formed between these island and the surrounding circuitry will tend to couple switching noise. Use the remaining printed circuit layers for small signal wiring. The wiring traces from the control IC to the MOSFET gate and source should be sized to carry 2A peak currents. +5VIN LIN CIN VIN OSC DRIVER PWM COMP LO DRIVER PHASE VOUT CO VOSC - + VE/A ZFB ESR (PARASITIC) + - ZIN REFERENCE ERROR AMP DETAILED COMPENSATION COMPONENTS C2 CVCC VCC GND OCSET Q3 DRIVE2 UGATE COCSET ROCSET Q1 LOUT VOUT1 ZFB ZIN C3 R1 R3 +12V VOUT C1 R2 +3.3VIN COMP VOUT2 + FB LOAD COUT2 PHASE LOAD COUT1 SS24 SS13 LGATE Q2 CR1 ISL6524A DACOUT VOUT3 CSS24,13 ISL6524A COUT3 Q4 DRIVE3 DRIVE4 PGND Q5 VOUT4 FIGURE 11. VOLTAGE-MODE BUCK CONVERTER COMPENSATION DESIGN +3.3VIN KEY ISLAND ON POWER PLANE LAYER ISLAND ON CIRCUIT PLANE LAYER VIA/THROUGH-HOLE CONNECTION TO GROUND PLANE LOAD COUT4 The modulator transfer function is the small-signal transfer function of VOUT /VE/A. This function is dominated by a DC Gain, given by VIN /VOSC , and shaped by the output filter, with a double pole break frequency at FLC and a zero at FESR . LOAD Modulator Break Frequency Equations 1 F LC = --------------------------------------2 x L O x C O 1 F ESR = ---------------------------------------2 x ESR x C O FIGURE 10. PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD POWER PLANES AND ISLANDS PWM1 Controller Feedback Compensation The PWM controller uses voltage-mode control for output regulation. This section highlights the design consideration for a voltage-mode controller requiring external compensation. Figure 11 highlights the voltage-mode control loop for a synchronous-rectified buck converter. The output voltage (VOUT) is regulated to the Reference voltage level. The reference voltage level is the DAC output voltage (DACOUT) for the PWM. The error amplifier output (VE/A) is compared with the oscillator (OSC) triangular wave to provide a pulse-width modulated wave with an amplitude of VIN at the PHASE node. The PWM wave is smoothed by the output filter (LO and CO). The compensation network consists of the error amplifier (internal to the ISL6524A) and the impedance networks ZIN and ZFB . The goal of the compensation network is to provide a closed loop transfer function with high 0dB crossing frequency (f0dB) and adequate phase margin. Phase margin is the difference between the closed loop phase at f0dB and 180o. The equations below relate the compensation network's poles, zeros and gain to the components (R1, R2, R3, C1, C2, and C3) in Figure 11. Use these guidelines for locating the poles and zeros of the compensation network: 1. Pick Gain (R2/R1) for desired converter bandwidth 3. Place 2ND Zero at Filter's Double Pole 4. Place 1ST Pole at the ESR Zero 5. Place 2ND Pole at Half the Switching Frequency 6. Check Gain against Error Amplifier's Open-Loop Gain 7. Estimate Phase Margin - Repeat if Necessary 2. Place 1STZero Below Filter's Double Pole (~75% FLC) 11 FN9064.1 April 8, 2005 Compensation Break Frequency Equations 1 F Z1 = ----------------------------------2 x R 2 x C1 1 F Z2 = -----------------------------------------------------2 x ( R1 + R3 ) x C3 1 F P1 = -----------------------------------------------------C1 x C2 2 x R 2 x --------------------- C1 + C2 1 F P2 = ----------------------------------2 x R 3 x C3 PWM Output Capacitors Modern microprocessors produce transient load rates above 1A/ns. High frequency capacitors initially supply the transient current and slow the load rate-of-change seen by the bulk capacitors. The bulk filter capacitor values are generally determined by the ESR (effective series resistance) and voltage rating requirements rather than actual capacitance requirements. High frequency decoupling capacitors should be placed as close to the power pins of the load as physically possible. Be careful not to add inductance in the circuit board wiring that could cancel the usefulness of these low inductance components. Consult with the manufacturer of the load on specific decoupling requirements. Use only specialized low-ESR capacitors intended for switching-regulator applications for the bulk capacitors. The bulk capacitor's ESR determines the output ripple voltage and the initial voltage drop following a high slew-rate transient's edge. An aluminum electrolytic capacitor's ESR value is related to the case size with lower ESR available in larger case sizes. However, the equivalent series inductance (ESL) of these capacitors increases with case size and can reduce the usefulness of the capacitor to high slew-rate transient loading. Unfortunately, ESL is not a specified parameter. Work with your capacitor supplier and measure the capacitor's impedance with frequency to select a suitable component. In most cases, multiple electrolytic capacitors of small case size perform better than a single large case capacitor. Figure 12 shows an asymptotic plot of the DC-DC converter's gain vs. frequency. The actual Modulator Gain has a high gain peak dependent on the quality factor (Q) of the output filter, which is not shown in Figure 12. Using the above guidelines should yield a Compensation Gain similar to the curve plotted. The open loop error amplifier gain bounds the compensation gain. Check the compensation gain at FP2 with the capabilities of the error amplifier. The Closed Loop Gain is constructed on the log-log graph of Figure 12 by adding the Modulator Gain (in dB) to the Compensation Gain (in dB). This is equivalent to multiplying the modulator transfer function to the compensation transfer function and plotting the gain. 100 80 60 GAIN (dB) 40 20 0 -20 -40 -60 R2 20 log ------- R1 MODULATOR GAIN 10 100 FLC 1K FESR 10K 100K 1M CLOSED LOOP GAIN FZ1 FZ2 FP1 FP2 OPEN LOOP ERROR AMP GAIN V IN 20 log ----------------- V P - P COMPENSATION GAIN Linear Output Capacitors The output capacitors for the linear regulators provide dynamic load current. Thus capacitors COUT2, COUT3, and COUT4 should be selected for transient load regulation. 10M FREQUENCY (Hz) FIGURE 12. ASYMPTOTIC BODE PLOT OF CONVERTER GAIN PWM Output Inductor Selection The PWM converter requires an output inductor. The output inductor is selected to meet the output voltage ripple requirements and sets the converter's response time to a load transient. The inductor value determines the converter's ripple current and the ripple voltage is a function of the ripple current. The ripple voltage and current are approximated by the following equations: V IN - V OUT V OUT I = ------------------------------- x --------------V IN FS x L V OUT = I x ESR The compensation gain uses external impedance networks ZFB and ZIN to provide a stable, high bandwidth (BW) overall loop. A stable control loop has a gain crossing with -20dB/decade slope and a phase margin greater than 45 degrees. Include worst case component variations when determining phase margin. Component Selection Guidelines Output Capacitor Selection The output capacitors for each output have unique requirements. In general the output capacitors should be selected to meet the dynamic regulation requirements. Additionally, the PWM converter requires an output capacitor to filter the current ripple. The load transient for the microprocessor core requires high quality capacitors to supply the high slew rate (di/dt) current demands. Increasing the value of inductance reduces the ripple current and voltage. However, large inductance values increase the converter's response time to a load transient. One of the parameters limiting the converter's response to a load transient is the time required to change the inductor current. Given a sufficiently fast control loop design, the ISL6524A will provide either 0% or 100% duty cycle in response to a load transient. The response time is the time 12 FN9064.1 April 8, 2005 interval required to slew the inductor current from an initial current value to the post-transient current level. During this interval the difference between the inductor current and the transient current level must be supplied by the output capacitor(s). Minimizing the response time can minimize the output capacitance required. The response time to a transient is different for the application of load and the removal of load. The following equations give the approximate response time interval for application and removal of a transient load: L O x I TRAN t RISE = ------------------------------V IN - V OUT L O x I TRAN t FALL = -----------------------------V OUT gain, saturation voltages, gate supply requirements, and thermal management considerations. PWM MOSFET Selection and Considerations In high-current PWM applications, the MOSFET power dissipation, package selection and heatsink are the dominant design factors. The power dissipation includes two main loss components: conduction losses and switching losses. These losses are distributed between the upper and lower MOSFET according to the duty factor. The conduction losses are the main component of power dissipation for the lower MOSFETs. Only the upper MOSFET has significant switching losses, since the lower device turns on and off into near zero voltage. The equations presented assume linear voltage-current transitions and do not model power losses due to the lower MOSFET's body diode or the output capacitances associated with either MOSFET. The gate charge losses are dissipated by the controller IC (ISL6524A) and do not contribute to the MOSFETs' heat rise. Ensure that both MOSFETs are within their maximum junction temperature at high ambient temperature by calculating the temperature rise according to package thermal resistance specifications. A separate heatsink may be necessary depending upon MOSFET power, package type, ambient temperature and air flow. I O x r DS ( ON ) x V OUT I O x V IN x t SW x F S P UPPER = ----------------------------------------------------------- + ---------------------------------------------------V IN 2 I O x r DS ( ON ) x ( V IN - V OUT ) P LOWER = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------V IN 2 2 where: ITRAN is the transient load current step, tRISE is the response time to the application of load, and tFALL is the response time to the removal of load. Be sure to check both of these equations at the minimum and maximum output levels for the worst case response time. Input Capacitor Selection The important parameters for the bulk input capacitor are the voltage rating and the RMS current rating. For reliable operation, select bulk input capacitors with voltage and current ratings above the maximum input voltage and largest RMS current required by the circuit. The capacitor voltage rating should be at least 1.25 times greater than the maximum input voltage. The maximum RMS current rating requirement for the input capacitors of a buck regulator is approximately 1/2 of the DC output load current. Worst-case RMS current draw in a circuit employing the ISL6524A amounts to the largest RMS current draw of the switching regulator. Use a mix of input bypass capacitors to control the voltage overshoot across the MOSFETs. Use ceramic capacitance for the high frequency decoupling and bulk capacitors to supply the RMS current. Small ceramic capacitors can be placed very close to the upper MOSFET to suppress the voltage induced in the parasitic circuit impedances. For a through-hole design, several electrolytic capacitors (Panasonic HFQ series or Nichicon PL series or Sanyo MV-GX or equivalent) may be needed. For surface mount designs, solid tantalum capacitors can be used, but caution must be exercised with regard to the capacitor surge current rating. These capacitors must be capable of handling the surge current at power-up. The TPS series available from AVX, and the 593D series from Sprague are both surge current tested. The rDS(ON) is different for the two equations above even if the same device is used for both. This is because the gate drive applied to the upper MOSFET is different than the lower MOSFET. Figure 13 shows the gate drive where the upper MOSFET's gate-to-source voltage is approximately VCC less the input supply. For +5V main power and +12VDC for the bias, the approximate gate-to-source voltage of Q1 is 7V. The lower gate drive voltage is 12V. A logic-level MOSFET is a good choice for Q1 and a logic-level MOSFET can be used for Q2 if its absolute gate-to-source voltage rating exceeds the maximum voltage applied to VCC . Rectifier CR1 is a clamp that catches the negative inductor swing during the dead time between the turn off of the lower MOSFET and the turn on of the upper MOSFET. For best results, the diode must be a surface-mount Schottky type to prevent the parasitic MOSFET body diode from conducting. It is acceptable to omit the diode and let the body diode of the lower MOSFET clamp the negative inductor swing, but one must ensure the PHASE node negative voltage swing does not exceed -3V to -5V peak. The diode's rated reverse breakdown voltage must be equal or greater to 1.5 times the maximum input voltage. MOSFET Selection/Considerations The ISL6524A requires 5 external transistors. Two N-channel MOSFETs are employed by the PWM converter. The GTL, AGP, and memory linear controllers can each drive a MOSFET or a NPN bipolar as a pass transistor. All these transistors should be selected based upon rDS(ON) , current 13 FN9064.1 April 8, 2005 +12V VCC +5V OR LESS Linear Controllers Transistor Selection The ISL6524A linear controllers are compatible with both NPN bipolar as well as N-channel MOSFET transistors. The main criteria for selection of pass transistors for the linear regulators is package selection for efficient removal of heat. The power dissipated in a linear regulator is P LINEAR = I O x ( V IN - V OUT ) ISL6524A UGATE PHASE Q1 NOTE: VGS VCC -5V Q2 CR1 NOTE: VGS VCC - + LGATE PGND GND Select a package and heatsink that maintains the junction temperature below the maximum desired temperature with the maximum expected ambient temperature. When selecting bipolar NPN transistors for use with the linear controllers, insure the current gain at the given operating VCE is sufficiently large to provide the desired output load current when the base is fed with the minimum driver output current. In order to ensure the strict timing/level requirement of OUT4, an NPN transistor is recommended for use as a pass element on this output (Q5). An low gate threshold NMOS could be used, but meeting the requirements would then depend on the VCC bias being sufficiently high to allow control of the MOSFET. FIGURE 13. UPPER GATE DRIVE - DIRECT VCC DRIVE 14 FN9064.1 April 8, 2005 ISL6524A DC-DC Converter Application Circuit Figure 14 shows an application circuit of a power supply for a microprocessor computer system. The power supply provides the microprocessor core voltage (VOUT1), the GTL bus voltage (VOUT2), the AGP bus voltage (VOUT3), and the memory controller hub voltage (VOUT4) from +3.3V, +5VDC, +5V +12V +3.3V and +12VDC. For detailed information on the circuit, including a Bill-of-Materials and circuit board description, see Application Note AN9925. Also see the Intersil web site at www.intersil.com L1 1H + C1 680F GND GND GND C2 1F VCC FIX 28 2 R2 23 OCSET1 1.5k 8 1 11 10 27 26 UGATE1 Q1 HUF76139 L2 PHASE1 LGATE1 PGND VSEN1 FB1 C12 270pF C15 2.2nF DRIVE3 VSEN3 + C17 560F Q5 2SD1802 VOUT4 (MCH) +1.8V + 18 19 VID25 VID0 VID1 VID2 VID3 SS24 SS13 C21 0.1F C18 0.1F R14 43k R11 3.32k COMP1 C13 22nF R15 267k R13 33 R12 12.1k Q2 HUF76143 R7 4.99k 1.8H + C7-9 3x1000F VOUT1 (CORE) (1.050V to 1.825V) PGOOD R3 10k POWER GOOD C4 1nF C3 1F Q3 HUF76107 VOUT2 (VTT) +1.2V + DRIVE2 VSEN2 FAULT/RT C6 1000F 25 R10 10k VTT POWER GOOD VAUX C14 10F Q4 HUF76107 VOUT3 (AGP) +1.5V + VTTPG 24 22 9 U1 21 ISL6524A 20 C11 0.30F 16 7 6 5 4 3 DRIVE4 VSEN4 15 14 17 GND 12 13 C20 560F FIGURE 14. 15 FN9064.1 April 8, 2005 Small Outline Plastic Packages (SOIC) N INDEX AREA H E -B1 2 3 SEATING PLANE -AD -CA h x 45o 0.25(0.010) M BM M28.3 (JEDEC MS-013-AE ISSUE C) 28 LEAD WIDE BODY SMALL OUTLINE PLASTIC PACKAGE INCHES SYMBOL A A1 L MILLIMETERS MIN 2.35 0.10 0.33 0.23 17.70 7.40 10.00 0.25 0.40 28 0o MAX 2.65 0.30 0.51 0.32 18.10 7.60 10.65 0.75 1.27 8o NOTES 9 3 4 5 6 7 Rev. 0 12/93 MIN 0.0926 0.0040 0.013 0.0091 0.6969 0.2914 0.394 0.01 0.016 28 0o MAX 0.1043 0.0118 0.0200 0.0125 0.7125 0.2992 0.419 0.029 0.050 8o B C D E e H C A1 0.10(0.004) 0.05 BSC 1.27 BSC e B 0.25(0.010) M C AM BS h L N NOTES: 1. Symbols are defined in the "MO Series Symbol List" in Section 2.2 of Publication Number 95. 2. Dimensioning and tolerancing per ANSI Y14.5M-1982. 3. Dimension "D" does not include mold flash, protrusions or gate burrs. Mold flash, protrusion and gate burrs shall not exceed 0.15mm (0.006 inch) per side. 4. Dimension "E" does not include interlead flash or protrusions. Interlead flash and protrusions shall not exceed 0.25mm (0.010 inch) per side. 5. The chamfer on the body is optional. If it is not present, a visual index feature must be located within the crosshatched area. 6. "L" is the length of terminal for soldering to a substrate. 7. "N" is the number of terminal positions. 8. Terminal numbers are shown for reference only. 9. The lead width "B", as measured 0.36mm (0.014 inch) or greater above the seating plane, shall not exceed a maximum value of 0.61mm (0.024 inch) 10. Controlling dimension: MILLIMETER. Converted inch dimensions are not necessarily exact. All Intersil U.S. products are manufactured, assembled and tested utilizing ISO9000 quality systems. Intersil Corporation's quality certifications can be viewed at www.intersil.com/design/quality Intersil products are sold by description only. Intersil Corporation reserves the right to make changes in circuit design, software and/or specifications at any time without notice. Accordingly, the reader is cautioned to verify that data sheets are current before placing orders. Information furnished by Intersil is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Intersil or its subsidiaries for its use; nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties which may result from its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Intersil or its subsidiaries. For information regarding Intersil Corporation and its products, see www.intersil.com 16 FN9064.1 April 8, 2005 |
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